![](data:image/png;base64,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)
55
Referencias bibliográcas
Cyr, J. (2017). e Fates of Political Parties: Institutional Crisis, Continuity, and Change in
Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Cyr, J., & Meléndez, C. (2016). Una exploración de la identidad (y la anti-identidad)
política a nivel subnacional: el fujimorismo y el chavismo en perspectiva
comparada. En F. Tuesta (Ed.), Representación política en América Latina:
Partidos políticos, Elecciones y Reglas (pp. 211-228). Lima: Escuela de Gobierno
y Políticas Públicas, PNUD y JNE.
Dosek, T. (2016). Los caminos divergentes a nivel subnacional de los sistemas de partidos
más institucionalizados: Chile, Costa Rica y Uruguay en perspectiva comparada.
En F. Tuesta (Ed.), Partidos políticos y elecciones. Representación política en
América Latina (pp. 231-252). Lima: Escuela de Gobierno y Políticas Públicas,
PNUD y JNE.
Freidenberg, F., & Suárez-Cao, J. (2014). Territorio y poder. Nuevos actores y competencia
política en los sistemas de partido multinivel en América Latina. Salamanca:
Ediciones Universidad Salamanca.
Levitsky, S., & Cameron, M. (2003). Democracy without parties? Political Parties and
Regime Change in Fujimori’s Peru. Latin American Politics and Society, 45(3),
1-33. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2003.tb00248.x
Levitsky, S., & Zavaleta, M. (2016). Why No Party-Building in Peru? En S. Levistsky, J.
Loxton, B. Van Dyck, & J. Domínguez (Edits.), Challenges of Party Building in
Latin America (pp. 412-439). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mainwaring, S., & Scully, T. (1995). Introduction: Party Systems in Latin America. En S.
Mainwaring, & T. Scully, Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin
America. Standford: Standford University Press.
Meléndez, C. (2012). Partidos inesperados. La institucionalización del sistema de partidos
en un escenario de post colapso partidario. Perú 2001-2011. Lima: Friedrich Ebert
Stiung.
Meléndez, C. (2012). Partidos inesperados: la institucionalización del sistema de partidos
en un escenario de post colapso partidario. Perú 2001-2011. Lima: Friedrich Ebert
Stiung.
Meléndez, C. (2014). Is there a Right Track in Post-Party System Collapse Scenarios? En
J. P. Luna, & C. Rovira (Edits.), e Resilience of the Latin American Right (pp.
167-193). BA, Maryland: John Hopkins University Press.
Muñoz, P. (2018). El entusiasmo de los que no entusiasman: descentralización y
competencia electoral en el Perú. Perú Hoy, 33, 91-107.
Muñoz, P., & Dargent, E. (2016). Patronage, Subnational Linkages and Party-Building:
the cases of Colombia and Peru. En S. Levitsky, J. Loxton, B. Van Dyck, & J.