ARGUMENTOS es una revista académica de ciencias sociales que publica investigación sobre el Perú y América Latina. La estructura de la revista es de acceso libre, arbitrada por pares bajo el sistema "doble ciego", temática amplia y publicación semestral. Los artículos de investigación original analizan temas desde las diferentes ramas de las ciencias sociales, particularmente aquellas asociadas a la vida institucional del IEP: antropología, arqueología, ciencia política, economía, educación, historia y sociología. A la sección principal se suma una de reseñas, la cual busca fomentar el intercambio sobre nuevas publicaciones. Esta sección es evaluada bajo el sistema de revisión editorial por pares. La revista no cobra ningún tipo de tarifas a autores o usuarios. La revista se publica semestralmente en julio y diciembre de cada año. Políticas de acceso abierto y copyright ARGUMENTOS es una revista de acceso abierto que hace suya la licencia abierta Creative Commons. Se permite a los usuarios leer, descargar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, buscar o vincular a los textos completos de los artículos, rastrearlos para indexarlos, pasarlos como datos al software o usarlos para cualquier otro propósito legal. Los autores que publican en ARGUMENTOS retienen el copyright de sus artículos, sin restricciones. Asimismo, los autores conceden a Argumentos el derecho de primera publicación de los artículos enviados a la revista.
Intercultural communication strategies for cultural adaptation of services for Beca 18 scholarship recipients in Lima
This study is linked to the Beca 18 social program, developed by the National Scholarship and Educational Loan Program (Pronabec), through which the State awards a full university scholarship to young people living in poverty or extreme poverty. This research answers the question: What are the intercultural communication strategies within the framework of the cultural adaptation of the services offered by universities and Pronabec to migrant beneficiaries of the Beca 18 program? For this study, a primarily qualitative methodology was applied, which included interviews with the three main actors involved: Pronabec, the universities, and the scholarship recipients, who come from culturally distinct backgrounds. The results reflected significant obstacles to the implementation of the intercultural approach in universities. These were: discrimination, feelings of inferiority on the part of migrant scholarship recipients, questioning of their own identity, and the state of communications within the program. Finally, based on the fieldwork, proposals based on intercultural communication for the management of cultural diversity in universities were generated.
Institutional Analysis of Peru. In search of the causes of Peruvian political instability
This research addresses aspects related to political instability, studying the implications of the Peruvian case in the period from 2016 to July 2024. The objective of this work is to determine the probable causes that have led to the consolidation of a process of political instability in Peru. Regarding the latter, the scenario of structural political instability that the country is going through has been addressed, highlighting the role of a weak State and institutions, the inefficiency of governments, the confrontations between powers, the lack of transparency and the lack of accountability. To do this, the analysis of principal components and the Vester matrix has been used. Although the study is built from the collection of its own data for the period 2016-2024, it also considers historical elements that have been significant for Peruvian politics. In terms of results, the causal centrality of a weak State stands out, which is the consequence of consecutive ineffective governments, clashes between powers and aspects related to transparency, such as accountability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jeremias Oviedo Paredes
The Role of the Peasant Patrols of San Marcos in Enforcing the Supreme Decree Declaring the Health Emergency During the COVID-19 Pandemic (2020–2022)
In regions and communities where the state’s capacity to legislate on internal affairs or to democratically represent its citizens is weak or absent, people often seek alternative forms of self-organization. These localities, like all human structures, strive to live under norms and rights that shape everyday life. In Cajamarca, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the rondas campesinas (peasant patrols) played an active role in confronting the emergency, demonstrating leadership and authority in facing an unprecedented global situation. This extreme period revealed the authority and reach of social organization -in the form of rondas campesinas- in regions with a limited state presence. The ronderos of Cajamarca, whose form of organization is both recent and derived from the modern state, undertook the immense task of filling the gaps left by the state’s limited capacity in order to defend their interests and their vision of the common good. In doing so, they achieved a position within Cajamarca’s social fabric comparable to that of law enforcement agencies and local authorities. However, within these organizations there also exist internal disputes that directly affect their operational capacity in various ways. Studying them is crucial, as they represent a distinctive form of self-government from which social and political leaders emerge actors who continue to shape the contemporary political arena.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gabriela Shantal Pinedo Rivera
The presidential vacancy due to permanent moral incapacity is a controversial instrument within the Peruvian constitutional framework, which has been used several times in the last decade. Although it is contemplated in the Constitution of the Republic, its constant use has resulted in chronic political instability in Peru. This article aims to analyze the use of presidential vacancy due to permanent moral incapacity and its impact on the parlamentarization of the Peruvian government regime, for which a qualitative methodological strategy of argumentative analysis has been chosen, focusing on the various motions presented between 2016 and 2024, as well as the debates surrounding those motions. To achieve this end, the article is divided as follows: first, a brief introductory contextualization of the Peruvian case is provided. Second, the literature on the parliamentary presidential system of government (present in Peru) will be briefly reviewed, with its distinctive characteristics, as well as presidential vacancy due to permanent moral incapacity. Third, the arguments surrounding the vacancy motions will be analyzed. Finally, some conclusions will be drawn on the political use of the presidential vacancy due to permanent moral incapacity, based on a subjective interpretation of this legal instrument.
Copyright (c) 2025 Álvaro Jesús Carbajal Rosas
Peru’s Public Service: The Common Good Against Institutional Constraints
We investigate the willingness of Peruvian professionals to work for the common good within the context of a dysfunctional and politicized civil service. Drawing on original survey data from 65 policy professionals and interviews with human capital experts, we observed a self-other attribution gap in respondent data and signs of moral dissonance and institutional cynicism. The paper identifies how congressional behavior and the role of SERVIR contribute to systemic constraints; we conclude by outlining reform strategies. By combining empirical data with an institutional diagnosis, the study contributes to the literature on public service motivation and civil service by focusing alignment of regulatory frameworks with civic ideals to reinvigorate belief in the common good.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jon Alami, David Vignes Chaparro
«Hark'anakuyku: We all take care of each other» to face the pandemic.
This study examines various community responses of a peasant population in the rural Andes of southern Peru (Cusco) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Its central aim is to show the tactics employed within the community, highlighting the dimension of community resilience as expressed through people’s everyday practices. In terms of methodology, I propose an ethnographic approach, applying techniques such as participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and mapas parlantes (participatory mapping) to collect field data. Regarding the findings, five community resilience tactics were identified: the reception of returning migrants, assistance to urban areas, the use of technological media, communal surveillance, and coordination with local institutions.
In Incas, Spies, and Astronauts, Rafael Dumett brings together a series of essays, nonfiction prose pieces, and personal reflections that dialogue with his well-known novels The Inca’s Spy and Comrade Jorge and the Dragon. The volume is organized around three thematic axes: counterfactual histories as a tool for interrogating historical trajectories; the figure of the spy as an ambiguous actor situated between individual loyalty and the state; and the exploration of space as a metaphor for free thought in adverse contexts.
An intimate portrait of the internal armed conflict
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" data-placeholder="Traducción" aria-label="Texto traducido: The internal armed conflict has left a deep scar on our national history, and it is through literature that we can gain an intimate insight into those turbulent years. Within a vast repertoire of novels published in the present century, a recent work stands out: Danza entre cenizas (Dance among the Ashes, 2022, EditorialApogeo) by Fabiola Pinel. This novel becomes a window into the past, transporting us back to those years and appealing to the situations experienced by the book's protagonists, Clara and Ñantika." data-ved="2ahUKEwjWyZyg7deNAxUymYQIHRVRPeoQ3ewLegQIDRAV">The internal armed conflict has left a deep scar on our national history, and it is through literature that we can gain an intimate insight into those turbulent years. Within a vast repertoire of novels published in the present century, a recent work stands out: Danza entre cenizas (Dance among the Ashes, 2022, EditorialApogeo) by Fabiola Pinel. This novel becomes a window into the past, transporting us back to those years and appealing to the situations experienced by the book's protagonists, Clara and Ñantika.
Presentation: 20 years after the CVR report
This special issue commemorates the twentieth anniversary of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) Report with the aim of reflecting on the relevance of its findings, the ongoing importance of its recommendations, and the challenges our post-conflict society faces in consolidating democracy. The TRC report is based on more than 17,000 testimonies that recount violent practices and degrading discourses which, carried out in the name of the "revolution" or "pacification," reveal a deeply authoritarian and dehumanizing political culture. The report also puts forward a series of recommendations advocating for policies to strengthen the rule of law, provide reparations for victims, and ensure non-repetition—measures intended to help establish a new social pact grounded in democratic principles and respect for human rights. However, this anniversary year begins with violent, anti-democratic acts and human rights violations committed by the state, which confirm that we have learned little from our violent past. In this context, Revista Argumentos presents a collection of articles that, through new perspectives and evidence, seek to combat forgetfulness and reflect on the relationship between this past and our present. Each article touches on multiple dimensions, but they can be grouped into four themes: those that expand knowledge about the past of the internal armed conflict (Sofia Macher, Carolina Garay, Valerie Robin Azevedo); those that focus on the current context to address various issues and consequences in our post-conflict society (Carolina Garay, Mercedes Figueroa, Valerie Robin Azevedo); articles that explicitly connect the past with the present, identifying continuities or similarities (Lurgio Gavilán, Karla Valery Maco Palacios, Alexander Benites, Paola Velarde, and Iris Jave); and finally, those that address memorialization processes and their impact on society and politics (Ludmila da Silva Catela, Alexandra Hibbett).
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" data-placeholder="Traducción" aria-label="Texto traducido: During the 1980s and 1990s, Peru experienced one of the most violent periods in its contemporary history. The violence perpetrated by both the Shining Path and law enforcement against rural populations was brutal. The final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) reported on the various human rights violations perpetrated by the military against civilian populations: extrajudicial executions, forced disappearances, torture, and rape. Jelke Boesten and Lurgio Gavilán's book, "Dogs and Promos: Memory, Violence, and Affection in Post-Conflict Peru," is a fundamental text that contextualizes the behavior of the military in emergency zones during the armed conflict. The book's premise is that the violence perpetrated by the military against rural populations did not emerge overnight, nor in a vacuum, but was the product of a ferocious military culture that, at times, facilitated the dehumanization of its own soldiers within the barracks. In a context of polarization due to the armed conflict, the pre-existence of authoritarianism, racism, and systemic violence within the military facilitated the spread of violent practices toward civilian populations." data-ved="2ahUKEwjWyZyg7deNAxUymYQIHRVRPeoQ3ewLegQIDRAV">During the 1980s and 1990s, Peru experienced one of the most violent periods in its contemporary history. The violence perpetrated by both the Shining Path and law enforcement against rural populations was brutal. The final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) reported on the various human rights violations perpetrated by the military against civilian populations: extrajudicial executions, forced disappearances, torture, and rape. Jelke Boesten and Lurgio Gavilán's book, "Dogs and Promos: Memory, Violence, and Affection in Post-Conflict Peru," is a fundamental text that contextualizes the behavior of the military in emergency zones during the armed conflict. The book's premise is that the violence perpetrated by the military against rural populations did not emerge overnight, nor in a vacuum, but was the product of a ferocious military culture that, at times, facilitated the dehumanization of its own soldiers within the barracks. In a context of polarization due to the armed conflict, the pre-existence of authoritarianism, racism, and systemic violence within the military facilitated the spread of violent practices toward civilian populations.
Democracy and the Streets: Protests and Counter-Hegemony in Peru
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" data-placeholder="Traducción" aria-label="Texto traducido: In this book, Carmen Ilizarbe analyzes the emerging forms of political praxis in Peru between 1997, the beginning of the end of the Fujimori dictatorship, and 2006, the end of the Toledo administration, with the transition in between. The March of the 4 Suyos (M4S) constitutes the nodal point for examining the previous processes that led to the street becoming the main arena of politics, a space "that competes side by side with the institutional arena" (p. 19). An arena where popular sovereignty comes into play, one that has demonstrated the capacity for confrontation and veto against various governments, and which has staged a particular political subjectivity. A space of dispute and encounter, of conflict and carnivalesque subversion of the social order, the street has also been the place to verify the limits of politics in neoliberal times." data-ved="2ahUKEwjWyZyg7deNAxUymYQIHRVRPeoQ3ewLegQIDRAV">In this book, Carmen Ilizarbe analyzes the emerging forms of political praxis in Peru between 1997, the beginning of the end of the Fujimori dictatorship, and 2006, the end of the Toledo administration, with the transition in between. The March of the 4 Suyos (M4S) constitutes the nodal point for examining the previous processes that led to the street becoming the main arena of politics, a space "that competes side by side with the institutional arena" (p. 19). An arena where popular sovereignty comes into play, one that has demonstrated the capacity for confrontation and veto against various governments, and which has staged a particular political subjectivity. A space of dispute and encounter, of conflict and carnivalesque subversion of the social order, the street has also been the place to verify the limits of politics in neoliberal times.
The power of the word: student and teacher oratory in post-independence Peru
The ability to speak Spanish according to certain conventions has been a variable of social status and political legitimacy throughout Peruvian history. Since colonial times, eloquence was a common practice among those with access to formal education. This article analyzes a sample of speeches given by students and teachers, both men and women, and reproduced in newspapers and pamphlets during the first half-century of Peruvian independence. These speeches have received virtually no historiographical attention. In addition to the religious and political objectives of eloquence in general, studied by other authors, we examine the personal motivations and social aspirations of the speakers. Republican discourse contributed to the participation of traditionally silenced groups in public speaking. Occasionally, these interventions were negatively received, since while for some education and eloquence were vehicles of social mobility, for others they were instruments to ratify and perpetuate existing hierarchies.
Provisioning for the Royalist troops on the Way to the Battle of Ayacucho. Puno, September 1824
In the last days of September 1824, some corps of the «king's troops» or of the «southern army», per the documents, crossed the Collao plateau towards Cuzco for the last time and from there headed to their final destination: The Battle of Ayacucho. Thanks to the personal archive of Juan Antonio Larrauri, the last subdelegate of the partido (province) of Azángaro by the end of the viceregal period, we can identify the movement of part of the army that defended the Spanish flags. The main objective is to identify and quantify the origin and type of food and equipment supplied to the royalist troops. We conclude that the products supplied were of vital importance to the Spanish side, and that they originated from the ecological environment and the human labor of the ayllus of the Collao.
Copyright (c) 2025 Roberto Guillermo Ramos Castillo
Huanta, Pamplona, ​​and Cobriza: three cases of repression during the military government of Velasco Alvarado (1968-1971)
The government of Juan Velasco (1968-1975) is normally differentiated by its humanist and populist discourse among dictatorial experiences, where the doctrine of national security materialized in a repressive policy of persecution of the left. This article tries to study the concrete political struggles that the government had to face and the repression that it deployed to crush dissent, especially from the «far left». The objective of this article is to present three cases of repression: Huanta, Pamplona and Cobriza through the minutes of the council of ministers and the publications Oiga and Caretas; also, it analyzes the decision-making process and justification of state violence. This review will show that the government did not have a unitary idea about the use of repression, since the violence during this period followed a long-term pattern and, in this sense, repression finally prevailed as a habit and marked the conflictive relationship between teachers’ and miners’ unionism with the military government of Velasco.
Copyright (c) 2022 Alejandro Santistevan
This article explores the independence process in the province of Parinacochas, a territory little explored by the regional historiography of Ayacucho, of which this province is part. It questions the tendency to categorize the actions of its social actors as unanimously patriotic and shows instead that some of its indigenous sectors even generated a "counterrevolution" of sorts. We explore two historical moments: First, the emergence of rebel actions in the years preceding the final stage of independence; we consider factors such as the liberal context, the echoes of the 1814 Cuzco rebellion, and the internal motivations of the social actors who were later hailed as local heroes. Second, the vicissitudes and actions that arose during the final stage of the wars of independence (1820-1824).
Copyright (c) 2025 Luis Abraham Puga Huamani
During the implementation of agrarian reform, numerous land conflicts took place in different parts of Peru. In this context, the confrontation between landowners and workers of the Huando hacienda union stood out. After months of disputes, the military government of Juan Velasco Alvarado (1968-1975) gave in to the farmworkers' demands and expropriated the hacienda—which stood out as a symbol of modern agricultural enterprise—to make way for the creation of the cooperative. Using a review of documentation from the Huando hacienda, press articles, presidential speeches, interviews, and draft minutes of the Council of Ministers of the military cabinet, this thesis analyzes how this conflict marked a key rupture in the military regime's relations with landowners in the early 1970s and, similarly, how the resolution of the Huando conflict reflected the radicalization of the Velasco administration's implementation of agrarian reform.
Copyright (c) 2022 Fabio Esteban Cabrera Morales
How to understand the meanings of queer sexual practices in Lima, Peru, between the 1950s and 1970s, from an intersectional perspective? This thesis seeks to articulate a first historical narrative of the experiences of queers in Lima between the 1950s and 1970s. Drawing on six oral interviews, eight novels, two songs, a short film, a blog, and ten editions of a travel guide, these contribute to debates about the tensions between identity and sexual behaviors, the intersection of race and class in identity processes, and urban space. Queer existences between the 1950s and 1970s can be understood as gender-inverting behaviors that posited queers as the feminine and complementary partners of "men" or "machos." Any man could engage in homosexual relations, from almost any location, but the meaning they attributed (or did not) to these behaviors depended on their race, class, and gender identity. Those who behaved femininely could acquire a faggot identity, while their male partners could remain "men."
Women, food, and subsistence family farming in Amantaní, Puno
Food systems in Latin America have been undergoing a process of transformation in the last three decades; in which the consumption of agroindustrial products has increased in both urban and rural areas. In such a scenario, this paper asks about the transformation of family food systems of small subsistence farmers in Amantaní Island, located in Lake Titicaca, province and department of Puno. This article is framed within the set of changes associated with the phenomenon of the ‘new rurality’, in which households are more mobile and with a greater diversification of economic activities (pluriactivity). It examines the way in which decisions, strategies and dynamics around food have changed. For this purpose, we analyze autobiographical narratives and food practices of four women, who through their life stories portray the food system in Amantaní; how they perceive that their work, responsibilities, diet and also their concerns and risks of food insecurity have changed. This article is based on an eight-week fieldwork in Amantaní, between March and May 2019. Interviews and conversations were conducted with different actors of the family food system, as well as local authorities. Participant observation at moments of food provisioning, processing and consumption with three families in Amantaní were key to the development of this food ethnography. In particular, Elsa, Hilda and Juanita were the ones who opened the doors of their homes, kitchens, knowledge and life stories.
Commemorations are opportunities for reflection. And at a time when words are devalued in the political sphere—when what is said often bears little relation to what is done (if not its exact opposite), and laws are manipulated at the whim of individual wills, thereby corrupting their very purpose—historical reflection becomes all the more urgent. The study of the past always requires a horizon, something essential to transcend the short-term thinking and lack of future outlook that characterize politics today, not only in Peru. History may no longer be fashionable; it may no longer define national identity as it did a few decades ago, but it remains relevant at the regional level and ought to matter to everyone. As a discipline committed to uncovering the truth about the past, history should play a vital role in the public sphere—especially in times like ours, when truth is being systematically eroded in the service of authoritarianism. This special issue of Argumentos responds to the open call “Independence from Other Centers,” launched by the journal last year to mark the bicentennial of the Battle of Ayacucho. It features seven scholarly articles by authors from different generations, academic contexts, and stages of their careers, all of whom take up the invitation to reflect “from other centers.” These centers are not only geographic—outside Lima, in line with a growing historiographical interest in the regions—but also thematic, engaging topics not usually associated with the study of independence. These include, for instance, oratory practices in educational institutions, as well as archival centers dispersed across various geographies—from Parinacochas in southern Ayacucho, to the Archivo General de Indias in Seville, to a private archive in Puno.
Searching for the Heart of the Hill: New Communal Mining in Colquemarca (Cusco, Peru)
The following article examines how the recent boom in small-scale mining activity in the territory of the peasant communities of the Colquemarca district (Chumbivilcas, Cusco) has triggered political-economic reconfiguration processes in the communal organization. Two tendencies are recognizable with respect to these processes: 1) The creation of new instances of communal government for the control of mining activity and resource extraction in the territory, and 2) The restructuring of appropriation regimes and systems of extractive mining work. I also argue that these processes can be read as “new processes of communalization”, since they imply the vindication of collective decisions on the management of resources that, in this case, are involved in the extractive activity. We will also see that this claim of the “communal” coexists with spatial and generational inequalities in the access to the mineral resource, the superimposition of different levels of appropriation of the land and resources present in each community. Likewise, I propose to call this phenomenon “communal mining” to differentiate the relative management and control that the peasant communities of the area maintain -and claim- over this activity, the territory and the natural resources of the subsoil, in contrast to the mining carried out by private companies and the Peruvian State. Throughout the article we will describe how these new forms of communal management and control over territorial resources are transforming and adapting to other parallel socio-political dynamics.
Copyright (c) 2023 Carlos Alberto Castro Segura
The battle of Junín: a milestone in institutional change
Beyond the military events, the war of independence is also the process that drives the change from one living system to another: social institutions modify their social semantics in the transition from a monarchical-viceroyal form to a republican-state one. In this sense, in this article, the Battle of Junín is perceived as a bridge between the great institutional change of the era: The Catholic Church had its destinies intertwined with the monarchy in the control of hearts, minds, and bodies, while the army, slowly but surely, intertwined its destinies with the emerging republic due to the need to defend a territory.
Arequipa and Romantic Patriotism (1813-1815)
This article studies the political situation of Arequipa in 1814 and the conditions for the emergence of an attempted uprising spearheaded by a group of activists defined by what I am calling a romantic patriotism. The military expansion of the Cuzco revolution of 1814 converged with this political movement. In the province, as well as in the city, a plebeian insurgency also took shape, which was culturally akin to that of romantic patriotism. Arequipa’s 1813 and 1814 attempts at insurgency were also intertwined with those stemming from Tacna and Cuzco, and not only because of the military presence of the Cuzco rebels in that city.
The voice of the people: declarations and pronouncements of independence in Southern peruvian and Charcas in 1825
The article works with the various declarations or pronouncements of independence that occurred in the space in southern Peru and Upper Peru/Charcas between December 1824 and February 1825, after the triumph of the Ejército Libertador in the battle of Ayacucho and the subsequent signing of the Capitulation. Against the backdrop of the Domestic War between the absolutist and constitutional factions in Charcas, which explains the complex military and ideological situation at the end of 1824, I analyze the participation of various actors, the type of leadership, the participation of subordinate groups and the discourse they present, at a time when the colonial system was collapsing but a republic had not yet been established.
Between evocation, projects and discontent:
In 1974, the military government of Juan Velasco Alvarado organized the commemoration of the Sesquicentennial of the battle of Ayacucho, a celebration that has received little attention from historiography. This article analyzes the characteristics of this commemoration and the reactions it generated in the Ayacucho society. It works three levels of analysis that account for the official commemorative project, the responses of the local population and the position of an organization reluctant to the Sesquicentennial. This paper argues that the military regime promoted a commemoration from above focused on public works, which failed to connect with the expectations of a regional society with which it maintained a conflictive relationship. Moreover, the commemoration aroused radical opposition from Sendero Luminoso (The Shining Path organization), which condemned the military regime and proclaimed the destruction of the historical process of which the battle of Ayacucho was a part.
This article examines the pedagogical practices used in initial teacher training in public teacher training schools in Peru, based on classroom observations and interviews conducted in 2024. Based on the theoretical framework of pedagogies of practice (Grossman et al., 2009), the ways in which trainers represent, decompose and approximate teaching practices in front of future teachers are analyzed. The findings reveal a persistent distance between recent curricular proposals and actual practices in the training classrooms: theoretical, schematic teaching predominates, focused on activities that are not solidly linked to the development of substantive pedagogical skills. Although educators demonstrate familiarity with the new curriculum, this does not translate into effective strategies for training students in key teaching practices. The study concludes that, despite some progress, teacher education still does not prioritize systematic and reflective work on pedagogical practices, which limits opportunities to build professional teaching.
Review by: Rodrigo Barrenechea and Alberto Vergara [eds.]. Democracy under assault. The collapse of Peruvian Politics (and a warning for Latin America). Lima: University of the Pacific, 2024, 334 pp. ISBN: 978-9972-57-534-1.
Writing, Enlightenment, and the Myth of the Noble Savage: The Case of the Society of Lovers of the Country, Lima (1791–1795)
This paper examines the discourses issued by the Mercurio Peruano between 1791 and 1795, understood as reproductions of the Eurocentric rational thought matrix, which was constructed as antagonistic to Andean and African mythical thought. Initially, it has been shown that European rational thought also possesses a mythical structure, which reveals its incongruity. And, by uncovering these contradictions and drawing on other Andean productions, we recognize that the Republic of Peru was founded on these canons; thus, the Society of Lovers of the Country influenced the Peruvian intellectual community that structured the project of the Peruvian national state. This allows us to partially understand how the segregation suffered by Andean populations from national projects is structured.
Copyright (c) 2021 Jeremy Dioses Campaña
Of Love and Hate: Married Life, Conflict, and Intimacy in the Colonial Andean South, 1750–1825
<pre id="tw-target-text" class="tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta" dir="ltr" data-placeholder="Traducción" aria-label="Texto traducido: Nicholas Robins's recent publication is surprising, primarily due to his historiographical background more closely tied to the study of Andean social movements and environmental issues. But it is even more surprising for the quality of its content. Dedicated to examining marriage, the private and daily life of Charcas during the viceregal period within the context of Bourbon reformism, the colonial crisis, and independence, Professor Robins's book joins the still meager list of materials devoted to these topics within the Andean nations." data-ved="2ahUKEwjWyZyg7deNAxUymYQIHRVRPeoQ3ewLegQIDRAV">Nicholas Robins's recent publication is surprising, primarily due to his historiographical background more closely tied to the study of Andean social movements and environmental issues. But it is even more surprising for the quality of its content. Dedicated to examining marriage, the private and daily life of Charcas during the viceregal period within the context of Bourbon reformism, the colonial crisis, and independence, Professor Robins's book joins the still meager list of materials devoted to these topics within the Andean nations.
"Always standing, never kneeling": Construction, enunciation, and reproduction of K'ana identity in Espinar
In recent decades, the province of Espinar has been marked by socio-environmental conflicts resulting from mining activity. Over the years, negotiations have yielded innovative achievements, such as the Framework Agreement. However, conflicts have always remained latent. This situation reflects the importance of approaching the sociopolitical phenomena occurring in Espinar from other perspectives. This work, specifically, sought to analyze how K'ana Indigenous identity is constituted in Espinar and how it relates to other political processes taking place in the province. To this end, a series of interviews were conducted with key stakeholders and relevant data were collected through participant observation. The results of this research show that K'ana Indigenous identity is an arena of political negotiation in which a series of historical and political narratives are reproduced. The conflict scenario has brought these identity-based discourses to the surface, making them increasingly prevalent, and, at the same time, has led the population to find in their indigenous identity a unifying factor and a key tool in negotiation processes.
Copyright (c) 2021 José Carlos Banda Méndez
Reflections on the "women's problem" in Peru
This article approaches at «the problem of women» in Peru throughout a journey from mid-nineteenth century to the 1980s. During this time, the country has witnessed the discussion on education, work and female vote, as well as organizational processes of women from popular sectors and feminism. This reflection precedes the discussion that incorporates concepts such as patriarchy and gender and tells a story full of struggles and resistance of Peruvian women facing precarious and violent contexts.
Copyright (c) 2020 Jazmin Jareth Goicochea Medina