El servicio público peruano: El bien común frente a restricciones institucionales
Resumen
Investigamos la disposición de los profesionales peruanos a trabajar por el bien común en el contexto de un servicio civil disfuncional y politizado. A partir de datos originales de una encuesta aplicada a 65 profesionales de políticas públicas y entrevistas con expertos en gestión de capital humano, observamos una brecha de atribución entre el yo y el otro, así como signos de disonancia moral y cinismo institucional. En este trabajo se identifica cómo el comportamiento del Congreso y el papel de SERVIR contribuyen a las restricciones sistémicas. A manera de conclusión, proponemos estrategias de reforma. Al combinar datos empíricos con un diagnóstico institucional, este estudio aporta a la literatura sobre motivación en el servicio público, al enfocarse en la alineación de los marcos regulatorios con los ideales cívicos.
Citas
Aidt, T. S. (2016). Rent seeking and the economics of corruption. Constitutional Political Economy, 27(2), 142–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10602-016-9215-9
Arroyo, C. O. (2023, mayo 15). Perú perdió más de S/ 10 millones por corrupción en el Ejecutivo, Congreso y Poder Judicial. Infobae. https://www.infobae.com/peru/2023/05/15/peru-perdio-mas-de-s-10-millones-por-corrupcion-en-el-ejecutivo-congreso-y-poder-judicial/
Arroyo, P. (2025, marzo 15). Contraloría: más de 2.000 trabajadores son despedidos, perjudicando el control del gasto público. La República.pe. https://larepublica.pe/politica/2025/03/14/contraloria-mas-de-2000-trabajadores-son-despedidos-perjudicando-el-control-del-gasto-publico-hnews-388150
Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(3), 193–209. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0303_3
Barber, B. (1984). Strong Democracy: Participatory politics for a new age. University of California Press.
Beverinotti, J., Villafuerte Manzano, A., Alzamora, M., & Moreno, K. (2022). IDB Group Country Strategy with Peru 2022-2026. https://www.idbinvest.org/sites/default/files/2022-09/IDB%20Country%20Strategy%20with%20Peru%202022-2026.pdf
Cajavilca, A., & Ugarte, M. (2022). Gestión pública y servicio civil: Balance de investigación 2016-2021 y agenda de investigación 2021-2026. Investigaciones, Consorcio de Investigación Económica y Social.
Chugh, D., Bazerman, M. H., & Banaji, M. R. (2005). Bounded ethicality as a psychological barrier to recognizing conflicts of interest. In Cambridge University Press eBooks (pp. 74–95). https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511610332.006
Collyns, D. (2024, December 20). Inquiry launched in Peru after alleged prostitution ring uncovered in Congress. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/dec/19/peru-sex-for-votes-scandal
Cortázar Velarde, J. C. (2014). Perú: Gradualidad e innovación en la reforma del servicio civil. https://doi.org/10.18235/0009582
Cortázar Velarde, J. C., Lafuente, M., Sanginés, M., Schuster, C., Echebarría, K., Longo, F., Strazza, L., & Iacoviello, M. (2014). Serving Citizens: A Decade of Civil Service Reforms in Latin America (2004-13). https://doi.org/10.18235/0012567
El Peruano (2021a, julio 23). Decreto Supremo que aprueba el Reglamento de la Ley N° 30926. https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/api/visor_html/1976336-1
El Peruano (2021b, abril 28). Decreto Supremo que modifica el Reglamento General de la Ley N° 30057. N° 040-2014-PCM. https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/api/visor_html/1948182-1
Gestión (2025, Abril 8). Familiares congresistas podrán contratar con el Estado: el impacto negativo. https://gestion.pe/opinion/editorial/familiares-de-congresistas-podran-contratar-con-el-estado-el-impacto-negativo-noticia/
Gómez, A. V. (2025, junio 9). Contrataciones a dedo en el Congreso: Personal de confianza de la Mesa Directiva no pasa por concurso público. Infobae. https://www.infobae.com/peru/2025/06/09/contrataciones-a-dedo-en-el-congreso-personal-de-confianza-de-la-mesa-directiva-no-pasa-por-concurso-publico/
Grindle, M. S. (2010). Constructing, deconstructing, and reconstructing career civil service systems in Latin America [HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series, RWP10-025]. Harvard University.
Herrada, D. P. (2023, abril 24). Un centenar de congresistas han sido investigados por Fiscalía en los últimos 12 años. RPP Noticias. https://rpp.pe/politica/congreso/un-centenar-de-congresistas-han-sido-investigados-por-fiscalia-en-los-ultimos-12-anos-noticia-1480139
Human Rights Watch (2024, enero 11). Peru: events of 2023. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2024/country-chapters/peru
Inter-American Development Bank. (2025). Better governments for better lives: Strengthening state capacities for strategic, meritocratic, and inclusive management of the civil service in Latin America and the Caribbean. https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/Better-Governments-for-Better-Lives-Strengthening-State-Capacities-for-Strategic-Meritocratic-and-Inclusive-Management-of-the-Civil-Service-in-Latin-America-and-the-Caribbean.pdf
International Crisis Group (2024, February 8). Unrest on repeat: Plotting a route to stability in Peru. https://www.crisisgroup.org/latin-america-caribbean/peru/104-unrest-repeat-plotting-route-stability-peru
Lafuente, M. (2015). BID presenta evaluación de los avances del Servicio Civil en Perú. Inter-American Development Bank. https://blogs.iadb.org/administracion-publica/es/bid-presenta-evaluacion-de-los-avances-del-servicio-civil-en-peru/
Levi, M., & Stoker, L. (2000). Political trust and trustworthiness. Annual Review of Political Science, 3(1), 475–507. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.3.1.475
LP Derecho. (2021a, noviembre 9). Reglamento General de la Ley 30057, Ley del Servicio Civil (Decreto Supremo 040-2014-PCM) [actualizado 2025]. LP. https://lpderecho.pe/reglamento-general-ley-30057-ley-servicio-civil-decreto-supremo-040-2014-pcm/
LP Derecho. (2021b, febrero 26). Servir: Reglas del régimen disciplinario y procedimiento sancionador [Resolución 101-2015-SERVIR-PE]. LP. https://lpderecho.pe/reglas-regimen-disciplinario-procedimiento-sancionador-servicio-civil-resolucion-101-2015-servir-pe/
March, J. G., & Olsen, J. P. (1983). The new Institutionalism: Organizational factors in Political life. American Political Science Review, 78(3), 734–749. https://doi.org/10.2307/1961840
Méndez, J. (2021). The Management of Public Personnel in Latin America: Scope and Limits of a Modern Civil Service. En G. Peters, C. Alba Tercedor, C. Ramos (Eds.), The Emerald Handbook of Public Administration in Latin America (pp. 261-288). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83982-676-420201011
Menna, S. (2025). Congress in Cahoots. In Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/report/2025/07/08/congress-in-cahoots/how-perus-legislature-is-allowing-organized-crime-to-thrive
Merritt, A. C., Effron, D. A., & Monin, B. (2010). Moral Self-Licensing: when being good frees us to be bad. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(5), 344–357. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00263.x
Meyer‐Sahling, J., Mikkelsen, K. S., & Schuster, C. (2018). Civil service management and corruption: What we know and what we don’t. Public Administration, 96(2), 276–285. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12404
Meyer-Sahling J, Mikkelsen K.S., Schuster C. (2021). Merit recruitment, tenure protections and public service motivation: Evidence from a conjoint experiment with 7,300 public servants in Latin America, Africa and Eastern Europe. Public Administration, 99(4), 740–757. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12708
Mishler, W., & Rose, R. (2001). What are the origins of political trust? Comparative Political Studies, 34(1), 30–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414001034001002
Molouki, S., & Pronin, E. (2014). Self and other. En M. Mikulincer, P. R. Shaver, E. Borgida, & J. A. Bargh (Eds.) American Psychological Association eBooks handbook of personality and social psychology, Vol. 1. Attitudes and social cognition (pp. 387–414). https://doi.org/10.1037/14341-013
North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511808678
OCDE (2025, January 22) Peru must enhance protection for prosecutors and judges against potential political interference, says OECD Working Group on Bribery following High-Level Mission in Lima. https://www.oecd.org/en/about/news/press-releases/2025/01/peru-must-enhance-protection-for-prosecutors-and-judges-against-potential-political-interference-says-oecd-working-group-on-bribery-following-high-level-mission-in-lima.html
OCDE (2023b) OECD Economic Surveys: Peru 2023. OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/081e0906-en.
OCDE. (2023a) Public Financial Management in Peru: An OECD Peer Review, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/d51d43b1-en.
OCDE. (2024) Towards a National Integrity and Transparency System in Peru: Ensuring Impact Through Greater Coherence and Co-ordination. OECD Public Governance Reviews, OECD Publishing, Paris. https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2024/12/towards-a-national-integrity-and-transparency-system-in-peru_0f35258c/4207602e-en.pdf
Paul, M. (2021). Public service motivation. DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/qicwdumbrella/39/
Perfecto Sosa, A.F., Gavelán Polo, R.L., Mautino García, N. y Medina Sotelo, C.G. (2024). Análisis del servicio civil en el Perú y otros países del mundo: una revisión sistemática. Rehuso, 9(1), 58- 71. https://doi.org/10.33936/rehuso.v9i1.6021.
Perry, J. L. (1996). Measuring Public Service Motivation: An assessment of construct reliability and validity. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 6(1), 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jpart.a024303
Perry, J. L., & Wise, L. R. (1990). The motivational bases of public service. Public Administration Review, 50(3), 367–373. https://doi.org/10.2307/976618
Peters, B. G., & Filgueiras, F. (2022). Introduction: Looking for Governance: Latin America Governance Reforms and Challenges. International Journal of Public Administration, 45(4), 299–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2021.2020905
Ramirez Chipa, C., Cardenas Serna, H., & Godeau Rojas, J. J. (2022). Implementación de la ley del servicio civil en Perú en servidores públicos. Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar, 6(5), 2911-2935. https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v6i5.3292
Rawls, J. (1993). Political Liberalism. Columbia University Press.
Rosado, O. (2024). La-corrupcion-en-Peru-Analisis-y-propuesta-de-Plan-integral-Anticorrupcion-LPDerecho. Scribd. https://www.scribd.com/document/861980001/La-corrupcion-en-Peru-Analisis-y-propuesta-de-plan-integral-anticorrupcion-LPDerecho
Ross, L. (1977). The Intuitive Psychologist and His Shortcomings: Distortions in the Attribution Process. Academic Press.
Rothstein, B., & Teorell, J. (2008). What is quality of government? A theory of impartial government institutions. Governance, 21(2), 165–190. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2008.00391.x
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000a). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000b). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.68
Sandel, M. (2009). Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do? Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Sisniegas Pajuelo, M. D. (2021). Level of moral development in students at the Law School of San Ignacio de Loyola University (Lima - Peru) in the face of political corruption. In The Economic Research Guardian, 11(2) 270–283. https://www.ecrg.ro/files/p2021.11(2)2021ySI1y8.pdf
Torres Balcázar, V. (2018). La reforma del servicio civil en el Estado peruano: análisis de los factores que explican los avances de un proceso que sigue constituyendo un desafío. Politai: Revista de Ciencia Política, 11(17), 147-175. https://doi.org/10.18800/politai.201802.005
Tyler, T. (2011). Why people obey the law. Princeton University Press.
Weißmüller, K. S., & Zuber, A. (2023). Understanding the micro‐foundations of administrative corruption in the public sector: Findings from a systematic literature review. Public Administration Review, 83(6), 1704–1726. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13699
Zhang, H., Zhang, Q., Huang, G., Ke, J., Zhao, N., Huang, W., & Zhang, J. (2022). Analysis of Evaluation Dimensions of Public Service Motivation of Chinese College Students—Qualitative Study Based on Grounded Theory. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(22), 15084. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215084
Derechos de autor 2025 Jon Alami, David Vignes Chaparro

Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0.


